Major differences included Torah observance and their rejection of idols and of worship of other gods. Their main difference, however, was in theology and religion rather than science. This of course is not to say that automatically the Hebrews would accept all the beliefs of their neighbors. Their astronomers developed advanced mathematical functions to permit them to accurately plot and forecast - for many hundred years ahead - cyclical planetary orbital movements and alignments. They were also aware of the planets that are visible to the naked eye. The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. The calendar is based on a Sumerian (Ur III) predecessor preserved in the Umma calendar of Shulgi (c. The Babylonian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with years consisting of 12 lunar months, each beginning when a new crescent moon was first sighted low on the western horizon at sunset, plus an intercalary month inserted as needed by decree. A Lunar calendar that is more accurate then the Gregorian Calendar we use today. It had 12 lunar months and was the predecessor for both the Jewish and Greek calendars. By studying the phases of the Moon, Sumerians created the first calendar.
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